の病気は

…'s illness

→ の
phrase Uncommon #13,966
…'s illness の marks possession, and は marks the illness as the topic of the sentence.
JA: 母の病気はもう治りました。
EN: My mother's illness has already gotten better.

トムの病気は重いの?

Is Tom's illness serious?

その子の病気はいつも仮病であると母親は言っている。

The mother says that child is always faking being sick.

彼の耳の病気は音を聞くことをとても困難にした。

His ear condition made it very difficult for him to hear.

ニイ兄が思ってるより菜穂子さんの病気はずっと重いのよ

Nahoko's illness is much more serious than you think, big brother.

— The Wind Rises (2013)

トムの病気は食べすぎが原因だった。

Tom's illness was caused by overeating.

ロビンソンさんの病気は深刻なものだが、彼は上機嫌だ。

Mr. Robinson's illness is serious, but he is in good spirits.